Explain exception handling in Java with examples.

August 31, 2025

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🔹 What is Exception Handling?

Exception Handling in Java is a mechanism to handle runtime errors (like dividing by zero, accessing invalid array index, null pointer access, etc.) so that the program doesn’t crash unexpectedly.

Java uses try-catch-finally blocks to handle exceptions.

🔹 Types of Exceptions

Checked Exceptions → Checked at compile time (e.g., IOException, SQLException).
Unchecked Exceptions → Occur at runtime, subclass of RuntimeException (e.g., NullPointerException, ArithmeticException).
Errors → Serious problems not meant to be handled (e.g., OutOfMemoryError).

🔹 Exception Handling Keywords

try → Code that might throw an exception.
catch → Handles the exception.
finally → Always executes (cleanup code).
throw → Used to throw an exception explicitly.
throws → Declares exceptions that a method can throw.

🔹 Example 1: Basic Try-Catch


public class Example1 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            int result = 10 / 0; // risky code
        } catch (ArithmeticException e) {
            System.out.println("Error: Cannot divide by zero!");
        }
    }
}

✅ Output:


Error: Cannot divide by zero!

🔹 Example 2: Multiple Catch Blocks


public class Example2 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            int arr[] = {1, 2, 3};
            System.out.println(arr[5]); // ArrayIndexOutOfBounds
        } catch (ArithmeticException e) {
            System.out.println("Arithmetic error occurred.");
        } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
            System.out.println("Array index is invalid.");
        }
    }
}

✅ Output:


Array index is invalid.

🔑 Key Takeaways

try-catch prevents program crashes.
finally is always executed (good for closing resources like DB connections, files).
throw is used inside a method, throws in method signature.
Use checked exceptions for recoverable errors and unchecked exceptions for programming mistakes.

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