What is the difference between abstraction and encapsulation?

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✅ Difference between Abstraction and Encapsulation

1. Abstraction

• Definition: Hiding implementation details and showing only the essential features.

• Focus: What the object does.

• Implementation: Achieved using abstract classes and interfaces.

• Example:

  • A car driver uses steering, brakes, and accelerator without knowing how the engine works internally.

  • In Java:

    interface Vehicle {
        void start();
    }
    
    class Car implements Vehicle {
        public void start() {
            System.out.println("Car starts with a key.");
        }
    }
    

  Here, the user knows only the start() method, not the internal engine details.

2. Encapsulation

• Definition: Wrapping data (variables) and code (methods) together into a single unit (class).

• Focus: How the data is hidden and controlled.

• Implementation: Achieved using access modifiers (private, public, protected) and getter/setter methods.

• Example:

  • A bank account class hides the balance variable and provides controlled access via getters/setters.

  class BankAccount {
      private double balance;
  
      public double getBalance() {
          return balance;
      }
  
      public void deposit(double amount) {
          balance += amount;
      }
  }
  

  Here, balance is hidden (data hiding), and only controlled methods allow access.

📊 Comparison Table

Feature	Abstraction	Encapsulation
Definition	Hides implementation details	Hides data (variables) using access control
Focus	What to expose	How to protect data
Achieved by	Abstract classes, Interfaces	Classes, Access modifiers, Getters/Setters
Example	Driving a car without knowing engine details	Bank account balance hidden via methods

📌 Short Interview Answer:

• Abstraction is about hiding implementation and showing only functionality (what a class does).

• Encapsulation is about hiding data and controlling access to it (how data is accessed and modified).

Read more :

What are the main features of Java?

Explain the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM.

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