What is the difference between checked and unchecked exceptions?

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In Java, exceptions are categorized into checked and unchecked based on how the compiler enforces exception handling.

✅ Checked Exceptions:

These are exceptions that the compiler checks at compile-time.

If a method throws a checked exception, it must either handle it using a try-catch block or declare it using the throws keyword.

These are typically used for recoverable conditions, like file not found, database connection failure, etc.

Examples:

IOException

SQLException

FileNotFoundException

Example Code:

try {
    FileReader file = new FileReader("data.txt");
} catch (IOException e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
}

❌ Unchecked Exceptions:

These are not checked at compile-time.

They occur due to programming errors like logical mistakes or improper use of API.

These extend RuntimeException.

Examples:

NullPointerException

ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

ArithmeticException

Example Code:

int a = 5 / 0;  // ArithmeticException

🔍 Key Differences:

Feature                          Checked Exception        Unchecked Exception
Checked atCompile Time       Yes                         No
Must Handle                      Yes                         No
Inherits From               Exception                 RuntimeException
Type of Error                    Recoverable                  Programming bug

Conclusion:

Use checked exceptions for conditions you expect and can recover from. Use unchecked exceptions for bugs that should be fixed in code. Proper understanding of both helps write robust and maintainable Java applications.

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