What is the difference between session and transaction?

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In Hibernate (and JPA), Session and Transaction are closely related but serve different purposes.

A Session is the main interface between the Java application and the database. It represents a single unit of work and is responsible for performing CRUD operations (save, update, delete, fetch) on persistent objects. It also manages the first-level cache, meaning it tracks entities within its scope. A session is lightweight and usually short-lived, created from the SessionFactory.

A Transaction, on the other hand, represents a single atomic unit of work that ensures data consistency. It groups multiple operations into one logical action. If all operations succeed, the transaction is committed; if any operation fails, it can be rolled back to maintain data integrity. Transactions follow the ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability).

In short:

Session = a bridge to the database, manages entities and queries.
Transaction = ensures that a set of operations within a session is executed reliably and consistently.

👉 Example: You open a session, begin a transaction, save an object, commit, and finally close the session.

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