What is the difference between Statement and PreparedStatement?

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In Java JDBC, Statement and PreparedStatement are interfaces used to execute SQL queries, but they differ in usage, performance, and security.

1. Statement

Used to execute simple SQL queries without parameters.

Query is sent to the database as a string each time it’s executed, so it gets compiled and executed repeatedly.

Example:

Statement stmt = con.createStatement();

ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM users");

Performance is lower for repeated execution since SQL is parsed every time.

Prone to SQL Injection if user input is directly concatenated.

2. PreparedStatement


Used for precompiled SQL with parameters (?).

Query is compiled once and can be executed multiple times with different values, improving performance.

Example:

PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?");

ps.setInt(1, 101);

ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery();

Prevents SQL Injection because parameters are bound safely.

Better for dynamic queries with variable inputs.

Key Differences

Feature                                   Statement PreparedStatement
Compilation                 Every execution Only once, reused
Parameters                 Not supported         Supported using ?
Performance                Slower for repeats Faster for repeats
SQLSafety                 Low                         High

In short, use Statement for one-time static queries and PreparedStatement for repeated or parameterized queries.

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