What is encapsulation?

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Encapsulation is one of the core concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Java. It is the process of wrapping data (variables) and methods (functions) into a single unit, typically a class, and restricting direct access to some of the object's components. This helps in protecting the internal state of an object from unintended or harmful changes.

In encapsulation, class variables are usually declared as private, meaning they cannot be accessed directly from outside the class. Instead, public getter and setter methods are provided to read and modify these variables.

Example:

java
public class Student {
    private String name;  // private data member
    private int age;

    // Getter method
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    // Setter method
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        if(age > 0) {
            this.age = age;
        }
    }
}

In this example, the name and age fields are private. They can only be accessed or modified through the public methods getName(), setName(), getAge(), and setAge().

Benefits of Encapsulation:

• Data protection: Prevents unauthorized access to fields.

• Controlled access: Logic can be added in getters/setters (e.g., validation).

• Code flexibility: Internal code can be changed without affecting other classes.

• Improved maintainability and readability.

In summary, encapsulation hides the internal implementation details of a class and exposes only what is necessary, making code more secure, robust, and easy to manage.T

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