Explain Dependency Injection in Spring with an example.

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Dependency Injection (DI) in Spring is a design pattern where the objects that a class depends on are provided externally rather than the class creating them itself. This promotes loose coupling, easier testing, and better maintainability. In traditional programming, a class creates its own objects, which tightly couples it to specific implementations. With DI, Spring takes responsibility for creating and managing these dependencies, and injects them into the required classes.

In Spring, DI can be achieved in two main ways:

  1. Constructor Injection – Dependencies are passed as parameters to the class constructor. This is recommended because it ensures that all required dependencies are available at object creation.

  2. Setter Injection – Dependencies are provided through setter methods after the object is created. This is flexible and allows optional dependencies.

Spring’s IoC (Inversion of Control) container manages these dependencies. Developers simply declare beans (objects) and their relationships in configuration (XML, Java annotations, or Java-based config). Spring then wires everything automatically.

Example scenario (conceptual, without code):
Imagine a Car class that needs an Engine to run. Without DI, the Car would create its own Engine, which makes it hard to replace with a different type of engine (say, petrol or electric). With DI, the Car only declares that it needs an Engine, but does not say how to create it. Spring provides the right engine (petrol, diesel, or electric) based on configuration.

This way, if you later want to change the engine type, you only adjust the configuration, not the Car class code.

In summary: Dependency Injection in Spring allows developers to focus on defining what dependencies are needed, while Spring handles how they are created and supplied, resulting in cleaner, modular, and easily testable code.

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