How do you define relationships (OneToMany, ManyToOne)?
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In JPA/Hibernate, relationships between entities are defined using annotations to represent how tables in a database are connected. The most common ones are @OneToMany and @ManyToOne, which describe parent–child relationships.
1. @OneToMany
Used when one entity is related to many others. Example: One Department can have many Employees.
@Entity
public class Department {
@Id @GeneratedValue
private Long id;
private String name;
@OneToMany(mappedBy = "department", cascade = CascadeType.ALL)
private List<Employee> employees;
}
Here, mappedBy tells JPA that the relationship is managed by the department field in Employee.
2. @ManyToOne
Used when many entities are related to one parent. Example: Many Employees belong to one Department.
@Entity
public class Employee {
@Id @GeneratedValue
private Long id;
private String name;
@ManyToOne
@JoinColumn(name = "department_id")
private Department department;
}
The @JoinColumn specifies the foreign key column in the Employee table.
Key Points
Bidirectional: OneToMany + ManyToOne together represent both sides.
Unidirectional: Only one side knows the relationship.
Cascade: Defines what happens to child entities when parent changes (e.g., delete department → delete employees).
Fetch type: LAZY (default for collections) vs EAGER (default for single entity).
👉 In short, @OneToMany defines a parent with multiple children, while @ManyToOne defines children pointing back to one parent. Together, they model relational database associations naturally in JPA.
Would you like me to also cover @OneToOne and @ManyToMany with examples so you have the complete set of relationship mappings?
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