How do you implement pagination in SQL?

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What is Pagination in SQL?

Pagination means splitting large sets of query results into smaller, manageable chunks (pages). For example, instead of showing 10,000 records at once, you display 10–20 per page.

Ways to Implement Pagination in SQL

1. Using LIMIT and OFFSET (MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite)

• LIMIT specifies how many rows to return.

• OFFSET specifies how many rows to skip before starting to return rows.
  👉 Example logic:

• Page 1 → LIMIT 10 OFFSET 0

• Page 2 → LIMIT 10 OFFSET 10

• Page 3 → LIMIT 10 OFFSET 20

This is the most common approach.

2. Using TOP and OFFSET-FETCH (SQL Server, Oracle 12c+)

• OFFSET skips rows.

• FETCH NEXT specifies how many rows to return.
  👉 Example logic:

• Page 1 → OFFSET 0 ROWS FETCH NEXT 10 ROWS ONLY

• Page 2 → OFFSET 10 ROWS FETCH NEXT 10 ROWS ONLY

3. Using ROW_NUMBER() with CTE (Works across many databases)

• Assigns a unique sequential number to each row.

• Then, filter rows within a given range (for example, rows 11–20 for page 2).
  This is useful for complex queries or when OFFSET isn’t supported.

Best Practices

• Always use ORDER BY when paginating to ensure consistent results.

• For very large datasets, OFFSET can be slow (it still scans skipped rows). Instead, keyset pagination (using WHERE id > last_seen_id LIMIT n) is more efficient.

✅ In short:

• Use LIMIT + OFFSET (MySQL/Postgres) or OFFSET-FETCH (SQL Server/Oracle).

• Use ROW_NUMBER() for flexibility.

• Use keyset pagination for performance on big data.

Read more :

Difference between INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, and RIGHT JOIN.

What are indexes in a database? Advantages and disadvantages.

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