What is the difference between checked and unchecked exceptions?

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🔹 Checked Exceptions

• Definition: Exceptions that are checked at compile time.

• Nature: Represent recoverable situations (program can take corrective action).

• Requirement: Must be either handled with try-catch or declared with throws in the method signature.

• Examples:

  • IOException

  • SQLException

  • FileNotFoundException

✅ Example:

import java.io.*;

public class CheckedExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            FileReader fr = new FileReader("file.txt"); // may throw FileNotFoundException
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.out.println("File not found!");
        }
    }
}

🔹 Unchecked Exceptions

• Definition: Exceptions that occur at runtime and are not checked at compile time.

• Nature: Usually caused by programming errors (logic mistakes, invalid inputs).

• Requirement: No need to declare or handle explicitly.

• Examples:

  • NullPointerException

  • ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

  • ArithmeticException

        int num = 10 / 0; // ArithmeticException at runtime
    }
}

🔑 Key Differences

Feature	Checked Exception	Unchecked Exception
Compile-time check	Yes (must be handled or declared)	No (compiler ignores)
Recoverability	Recoverable (e.g., missing file, DB error)	Mostly programming errors
Superclass	Subclass of Exception (but not RuntimeException)	Subclass of RuntimeException
Examples	IOException, SQLException	NullPointerException, ArithmeticException

Read more :

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Explain exception handling in Java with examples.

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